The History of Hair Styling Products and Tools

The History of Hair Styling Products and Tools Brushes were utilized as ahead of schedule as 2,500,000 years back in the cavern artworks of Altamira in Spain and Pã ©rigord in France. These brushes were utilized to apply shade to the cavern dividers. Comparative brushes were later adjusted and utilized for hair prepping. Brush Comb Trivia On New Years Day in 1906, Alfred C. Fuller, a 21-year-old business visionary from Nova Scotia, began the Fuller Brush Company from a seat situated between the heater and the coal receptacle in the cellar of his sisters New England home.Camel hair brushes are not made of camels hair. They are named after the designer, Mr. Camel.African American, Lyda D Newman licensed an as good as ever brush on November 15, 1898. Walter Sammons got a patent (US patent #1,362,823) for a brush. Hair Spray The idea of an airborne splash began as right on time as 1790 when self-pressurized carbonated refreshments were presented in France. In any case, it was not until World War II, when the US government subsidized investigation into a compact path for servicemen to shower jungle fever conveying that the cutting edge mist concentrate sprayer was made. Two Department of Agriculture scientists, Lyle David Goodhue and W. N. Sullivan, built up a little mist concentrate sprayer that was pressurized by a condensed gas (a fluorocarbon) in 1943. It was their structure that made items like hair shower conceivable, alongside crafted by one other creator named Robert Abplanal. In 1953, Robert Abplanal developed a pleat on valve for apportioning gases under tension. This put the assembling of vaporized splash can items into high apparatus as Abplanal had made the primary stop up free valve for shower jars. Hair Styling Tools Bobby pins were first acquainted with America in 1916. The absolute first hair dryers were vacuum cleaners adjusted for drying hair. Alexandre Godefoy concocted the primary electric hair dryer in 1890. Thermo hair stylers were designed by African American designer Solomon Harper in 1930. The squeezing/hair curler was licensed by Theora Stephens on October 21, 1980. Charles Nestle designed the primary perm machine in the mid 1900s. Early changeless wave machines utilized power and different fluids to perm hair and were hard to utilize. As indicated by Salon.com Technology feature writer Damien Cave, Rick Hunt, a San Diego craftsman, designed the Flowbee in the late 1980s in the wake of wondering about a modern vacuums capacity to suck sawdust from his hair. The Flowbee is a do-it-without anyone's help home haircutting innovation. History of Hair Dressing Styling Hairdressing is the craft of orchestrating the hair or in any case changing its characteristic state. Firmly identified with headgear, hairdressing has been a significant piece of the dress of the two people since artifact and, similar to the dress, serves various capacities. Hair Dye The organizer of LOreal, French physicist Eugene Schueller, developed the primary engineered hair color in 1907. He named his new hair color item Aureole. Hair sparseness Treatment On February 13, 1979, Charles Chidsey got a patent for a treatment for male hair sparseness. U.S. Patent 4,139,619 was given on February 13, 1979. Chidsey was working for the Upjohn Company.

Responsibility of Government Essay

Time has changed and where we live today is the thing that might be called as a â€Å"global customer society†. Individuals are endeavoring in the fast track to make their problem clamor life somewhat unwinding, helpful and sumptuous by buying and assembling types of gear and afterward arranging them off. This is the place organizations and industry assume a significant job in debasing our condition, using our assets to create those fake things and utilities for one’s accommodation, which prompts inauspicious outcomes. By and by, the most featured issues about the universe is the hazard to our normal living space by our business division. The paper will break down how they influence our condition, their duties to secure it and furthermore it is the obligation of government to take measures for it. As indicated by Fieser, J. (2010) the greatest danger to nature is perpetrated by Commercial ventures and organizations instead of some other local action. Production lines produce harmful waste and dump it without recalling about the symptoms, subsequently contaminating the dirt and water. Essentially deforestation has been done for a huge scope with them during the improvement of new enterprises, not considering the way that they upset the regular natural surroundings. Most of these wrongdoers are from the underdeveloped nations otherwise called the immature nations, as they ignoreâ being earth mindful while contending with industrialized states. Moreover, because of inadequacy of choices accessible in such nations it makes it difficult for them to keep up a harmony between vitality protection and monetary advancement. The entirety of this outcomes in natural debasement by business area. Numerous instances of such cases could be raised with this conversation. For example, a Union Carbide occurrence in OHIO (1960’s) where two synthetic and metal plants were fabricated in a valley catching it with the debris mists and air contamination, in addition to the fact that they resulted in imperiling the environmental factors caused distinctive respiratory maladies among local people. Disregarding being answerable for all, the organization declined every single open conversation and overlooked legislative solicitations for the plant’s examination, another comparative large occurrence identified with atomic force plants in Pennsylvania and Chernobyl in which radiations were discharged to the nearby network and a steam blast in the plant likewise let out huge amounts of radioactive material in the air slaughtering a few and harming thousands, these episodes are a proof of flightiness appeared by the individual businesses. In spite of the fact that, concurring that the principle rationale of organizations is to make benefit for their financial specialists and that the buyers just incline toward purchasing stuff which is less expensive as opposed to being Eco benevolent †as natural standard creation of items raises their expense. They ought to be comfortable with the social obligations they have on themselves, which is best portrayed by Haynes, T. (N.d.). â€Å"Social duty is an ethical hypothesis that says any association is committed to represent the advantage of its society†, It is an obligation that everybody needs to perform to keep up balance among biological system and economy. However, still a few organizations work with the belief system that-what is best for nature isn't in every case monetarily best for them - which isn't right. A few, likewise feel that they are not lawfully bound to think about the administration as there are no such laws which requests that they do as such. Ano ther contention structure these business undertakings is † that thinking about the earth rests with the shoppers not us, on the off chance that they are not keen on preferring organizations running an Eco-maintainable strategies then there is no point changing such approaches on them†. Let’s not overlook that condition is basic to everybody, nobody has it and everybody is similarly answerable for it, so far nobody will undoubtedly acknowledge the obligation regarding a typical thing, the fact of the matter being drawn is that no privateâ organization ought to be liable for the center. As claimed, by James W. (2007) â€Å"Responsibility for the house rests principally with political networks of residents through their administrations, and their obligation is to do justice†. Henceforth, the administration should make sure about the manageability of the environmental factors and to present law which advance naturally well disposed headway which would inevitably tie all organizations to be all the more socially capable. Likewise, it will urge different divisions to contribute their part in battling against the dangers to our condition. The workplace of government is likewise significant when it signifies some basic subjects associated with the earth, for example, worldwide warming and loss of biodiversity which is finished by deforestation and using of normal natural surroundings for new development ventures. This could be hindered essentially by selecting choices for the plans, for example utilizing old destinations to assemble new businesses and support reusing †government is the main physical structure that could authorize them to carry on accordingly. However, organizations ought to be socially capable, yet the legislatures do play a more extensive and significant job in securing our condition since it is their obligation to guarantee equity to everybody, be it an association or our condition and they ought not hold up till serious issues are looked after everything is finished. It is indisputable that administration rehearses hold a significant part in securing our condition, regardless of whether organizations do attempt to be socially mindful they can't make out an extraordinary arrangement contrasted with what government bodies can act-and they ought to play out whatever is conceivable in the event that they need a wonderful and maintainable condition to live in. REFERENCES Fieser, J. (2010), Business morals: segment three. Hayens, T. (N.d.). Social Responsibility and Organizational Ethics. Kalinda, B. (Ed.). Social Responsibility and Organizational Ethics. (2001). Reference book of Business and Finance (second ed., Vol.1). New York: Macmillan References. James, W. (2007), Conserving the environment:Guideline #10 for government and Citizenship. Online accessible from URL http://www.cpjustice.org/PJR2007Q2/EnvironmentGuideline10 [Accessed 10 April 2014] Jason, D. (2006), The job of government in natural assurance. Online accessible from URL http://grist.org/article/the-job of-government-in-natural assurance/[Accessed 11 April 2014] (Why securing our condition is so significant?, 2011) Niharika Bhati, Role of Government and issues looked in securing our condition. Online accessible from URL http://www.preservearticles.com/201102244196/job of-government-and-the-issues confronted in-ensuring our-environment.html [Accessed 10 April 2014]

The Goal of Communism - Free Essay Example

The Cuban Missile Crisis. The Red Scare of the fifties. Gulags. There is absolutely no wonder that Communism has such a multitude of negative connotations surrounding its name. Under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, the USSR was a world power, with a mission to enforce its ideologies on developing nations. Characterized by harsh ruling and limited personal freedom, Stalin would eradicate anyone who didnt agree with his ideas. He even went so far as to say that ideas are more powerful than guns. We would not let our enemies have guns, why should we let them have ideas? However, the atrocities that occurred during the USSRs reign twisted Karl Marxs original idea of Communism in the eyes of the world. In reality, Communism is merely Marxs utopian vision, and an alternative to Capitalism. In The Communist Manifesto, Marx outlines his views and forms the basic goal of Communism: the creation of a classless society. The primary goal of Capitalism, in its most basic form, is to obtain profits. In a capitalistic society, there is the capitalist class, which owns the means for producing and distributing goods, and the working class, who sell their labor to the capitalist class in exchange for wages (Zucchi). Through this, companies in a capitalistic society can produce commodities for profit. However, Marx believes this is everything wrong with society. The fact that Capitalism splits society into two classes, the employer and the employee, allows for inequality among classes, and oppression of one class over another. Secondly, Capitalisms sole motive of obtaining profits reduces the world around us, the things we use, and ourselves into a monetary value. The solution, as Marx proposes, is to abolish classes. Like any process, there are steps, and the first step is to form the proletariat (wage-laborers) into a class (Marx 76). In order for the proletariat to become a class, they must first abolish that which makes the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) superior, which is private property. One of the many objections to this is that private property is earned through the hard-work of the individual. In reality, their hard work is exploited by the capitalist class for their own gain. Because of this, it is those who dont work that make profit, and those who do work that are exploited. Because the bourgeoisie power rests in their property, they are against the abolishment of private property. However, Marx writes that private property is already done away with for nine-tenths of the population (Marx 79), so in the end, the overwhelming majority of society benefits. Private property controlled by the bourgeoisie is considered a class privilege. When that same property is converted into public property, it removes the class aspect of the property. This ushers in the next step in our process, overthrowing the bourgeois supremacy (Marx 76). By eliminating the only thing that made the bourgeoisie superior, it eliminated the bourgeois as a class. Now that there is no ruling class, the benefits of labor are determined by the individual laborer, and not appropriated by the bourgeois for capital gain. In other words, Communism deprives no man of the power to appropriate the products of society; all that it does is to deprive him of the power to subjugate the labors of others by means of appropriation (Marx 79). Now that the proletarians have succeeded in eliminating the bourgeoisie as a class, and in-turn rose to supremacy, they can conquer the political power to seize all capital left from the bourgeoisie and centralize all instruments of production (Marx 76, 83). Now, because overthrowing and installing a new government usually isnt a quick and simple transition, there will be numerous measures taken to ensure that economic and social production are revolutionized. These measures include, but are not limited to: elimination of rights of inheritance, abolition of land ownership, a graduated income tax, making everyone liable to labor, state centralization of credit, communication, and transportation, elimination of distinctions between town and country, and free education for children (Marx 83, 84). After these measures have been implemented, a nation is considered developed. Due to the nature of the developments, and as more and more institutions are centralized, class distinctions start to disappear. Because Marx defines political power as merely the organized power of one class for oppressing another, the absence of class distinction results in declining political power. Ultimately, the bourgeoisie society has been replaced with an association, in which the free development of each is equal to the free development of all (Marx 84).

Essay about Anthro Final - 6421 Words

Final Exam Review Sheet 1. Formal economic theory is based on assumptions such as: a. the value of a particular commodity decreases as it becomes more scarce. b. only occasionally do people maximize their material well-being. c. people, when exchanging goods and services, naturally strive to maximize material well-being and profits. d. families will compete against each other to assert rights of ownership and allocation. e. in societies where there is formal market exchange (commercialism), the market will determine all economic activities of individuals. 2. Rules that govern the allocation of resources and how they are used are found in: a. very few societies.†¦show more content†¦e. relatively equal value between more than two parties that sometimes involves the use of money. 10. What is the primary reason for balanced reciprocity? a. To exchange surplus goods for those that are in short supply b. To create social networks and political alliances c. To locate marriage partners d. To develop long-range trade networks that extend beyond the immediate vicinity e. To allocate resources among various social classes within a society. 11. Tribute is a form of redistribution that: a. is found only among foraging societies. b. can be found in chiefdoms with no standardized currency. c. includes the Kula Ring of the Trobriand Islands. d. is found in all market economies. e. can be found in all societies. 12. All of the following are functions (or consequences) associated with bridewealth except: a. legalizing marriage. b. legitimating children. c. creating bonds between relatives. d. maintaining equitable distribution in society. e. increasing divorce rates. 13. Today there are two fundamentally different types of markets. 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According to Lesson 1, what are the 8 reasons authors write (their purpose)? The first 2 are given to you:  · to amuse and entertain  · to explore an issue  · to   persuade  · toRead MoreAmerican Antropological Association Statement on Race1590 Words   |  7 PagesMukhopadhyay. A draft of the current paper was published in the September 1997 Anthropology Newsletter and posted ont the AAA website http://www.aaanet.org for a number of months, and member comments were requested. While Smedley assumed authorship of the final draft, she received comments not only from the working group but also from the AAA membership and other interested readers. 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Critical Analysis Of 1984 - 1349 Words

George Orwell is the author of 1984, a utopian/dystopian style novel that was a warning to the future if society keeps up with the totalitarian governed governments. Orwell writes about a man, Winston Smith, and the struggles he faces when his own values oppose the ones of society ran by Big Brother and the Party. One of Winston’s biggest struggles is the neglect he feels the Party brings when it comes to basic human needs. Initially in the novel, Winston is described as this man that is like every other, living in 24/7 surveillance and doing what was asked. However as we get to know Winston better, his beliefs are not always with the Party, but against, and wants to find likewise people and defy against the Party. So, he meets with woman†¦show more content†¦Threats can be anything from war with other superstates Eurasia or Eastasia, rebellion within Oceania where the novel takes place, whatever made the Party uncomfortable and not in total control. Winston however, doesn’t always agree with the way the Party deals with things, how it makes people feel not so safe and in charge of their own lives. Although Winston lives in a world where government has most if not all the jurisdiction, he wants more for himself and everyone else. He believes that the Party shouldn’t have all of the say in things that do and don’t get put out there for common knowledge, shouldn’t everyone just get to know what goes on? Everyone around him devours all that Big Brother and the Party has to say, true or not. The Two Minutes Hate features groups of people watching a video of enemies of the Party on a telescreen and expressing their hatred by screaming and starting fights with other people. This made Winston uncomfortable. He had the feeling that he was taught to hate, loathing individuals against the party, people that decrease their security and power. But also, Winston hates that feeling. He wants to have more of a voice when it comes to how he lives his life, without constant surveillance. He also wants others to feel that exact same way, even though he thinks he is the only one with this thought stream. Winston wanted to find someone that felt theShow MoreRelated1984 Critical Analysis1134 Words   |  5 Pages10/23/11 1984 critical analysis In the novel 1984 by George Orwell a man named Winston lives within a dis-utopian society. People within this society keep their emotions non-noticeable because if they go against what the inner circle is teaching than that person would work manually labor for the rest of their life. In the story a party known as the inner circle uses a few slogans and sayings to control everything. The inner circle uses all that they say to brainwash people into believing whatRead More1984 Critical Analysis Essay1186 Words   |  5 Pagesdistinct personalities: the outer Edna, which holds proper social values, and the inner Edna, who questions her actions. A product of an environment that has strict rules and regulation. This distinction is taken to the extreme with George Orwell’s, 1984, whose protagonist, Winston Smith has a similar distinction but the consequences are death and torture. This motif of two sides to people is clear in Orwell’s novel. Winston has two sides, one that is conforming and another that is rebelling. Winston’sRead MoreCritical Analysis Of 1984 By George Orwell1257 Words   |  6 Pages1984 by George Orwell sets the overall eerie tone of the book early on. â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU† (Orwell 3). In the book this was the statement was put on a poster of big brothers face. Firstly this is an example of metonymy. In the statement the term â€Å"BIG BROTHER† isn’t referring to how big brother very closely related to the thought police. The thought police is the organization that monitors the inner and outer party members. Secondly this can be looked through a postmodernist lens as theRead MoreCritical Analysis and Evaluation of 1984, by George Orwell.1487 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell 1984 The New American Library Copyright 1961 George Orwell George Orwell, whose real name was Eric Blair, was born in Bengal, India, in 1903. When he was eight years old, as it was customary, his mother brought him back to England to be educated. He was sent to a boarding school on the south coast, a school whose students were sons of the upper class. 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The film follows the life of a man called Winston livingRead MoreAnalysis of the Use, Importance, and Implementation of a Data Dictionary1109 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of the Use, Importance and Implementation of A Data Dictionary Introduction Data dictionaries have evolved into one of the most transformational and valuable components of databases architectures given the increasingly complex integration, data analysis and data management tasks enterprises need to accomplish. The use, importance and implementation of data dictionaries are analyzed and explored with specific focus on their use in enterprises who have intensive information and intelligenceRead MoreCase Study1262 Words   |  6 Pagesare some guidelines for your valuation analysis. †¢ Overview of the Valuation Process. Given the nature of the forecast data, it is useful for valuation purposes to treat the 1980-1984 period diï ¬â‚¬erently from the post-1984 period. 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(2004). â€Å"Academic procrastination and statistics anxiety†. Assessment Evaluation in Higher Education. 29 (1), 3-19; a quantitative statistical analysis that attempts to demonstrate varying degrees of procrastination in graduate students, the correlation between statics anxiety and how this type of anxiety effects the graduate student in accomplishing deliverables for a registered course. The research methodology in the article was designed aroundRead More Verbal Behavior Essay834 Words   |  4 Pagescan be used in the framework for behavioral research and analysis. The main argument presented by Skinner was that verbal behavior was different than other forms of behavior and deserved to be separated in a distinctive category, and Skinner considered language development as the result of mediation of other people while nonverbal behavior was enforced through the physical environment. Skinner defined the basic verbal operants in his analysis of verbal behavior, which include the mand, tact, intraverbal

Cost to Frugal and Reverse Innovation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Cost to Frugal and Reverse Innovation. Answer: Introduction: Innovation is one of the most basic needs of the various companies as well as the business organizations and the diverse companies and organizations often take the help of the latest innovations and technologies to bring about an overall growth of their business process (Zeschky, Winterhalter Gassmann, 2014). The advent of globalization has drastically modified the process or style of business followed by the various companies and the business organizations. In a way it can said that the various third world nations like China and others are the experimental grounds where the various first world countries try out the life cycle of a particular product or service and then launch the same product or service in their own native country. The EVs developed in the nation of China are seeking a market in the United States of America and other first world countries of the world in a bid to gain international recognition. The primary strength of the EVs manufactured in the nation of China is its lack of dependence on gasoline and other traditional forms of fuels (Lu et al., 2013). The weakness can be said to the fact that since it has been manufactured in the third world country of China the technology has not been yet adopted by the first world countries of the world. The opportunity is its merger with the other top brands of the world for the creation of better models. The threat is the competition from the rivals which have monopolized the vehicle industry. Therefore, from the above discussion it becomes clear that the advent of globalization and other technological advancement has greatly revolutionized the economic framework of the various nations of the world. References Lu, L., Han, X., Li, J., Hua, J., Ouyang, M. (2013). A review on the key issues for lithium-ion battery management in electric vehicles.Journal of power sources,226, 272-288. Zeschky, M. B., Winterhalter, S., Gassmann, O. (2014). From cost to frugal and reverse innovation: Mapping the field and implications for global competitiveness. Research-Technology Management,57(4), 20-27.

Sonny’s Blues Essay Example

Sonny’s Blues Paper James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† describe the middle of the 20th century. The author refers to the period prior to the Civil Rights Movement – in particular, to the dark days of segregation and racial discrimination. I think the author chose those times because he grew in Harlem and wanted to make people aware of that life. Sonny, as well as the narrator, grew up in poor neighborhood of Harlem. Sonny was the son of working class father whose optimism was put down by the death of his brother at the hands of the rural Southern whites. The story shows ensuing struggle of the family in the racist Northern community. The narrator is the teacher of Algebra and Sonny is a child disappointed in life and, therefore, addicted to drug use. The narrator suspects that his students â€Å"are popping off needles every time they went to the head and maybe it did more for them than algebra couldâ€Å". Apparently, the author refers to drug abuse as the way to escape from the burden of reality, from racial discrimination and oppression. The story is very dramatic and we see that characters are changing with story’s progression. Character changes are subtle because the plot features a character’s battle with heroin addiction. It is necessary to outline that this story teaches readers to understand people’s bad experiences and suffering. Nevertheless, the story is not simply – it depicts complex inner world of a boy who struggle with drug addiction. Music remains the only source to express pain. We will write a custom essay sample on Sonny’s Blues specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sonny’s Blues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sonny’s Blues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† seems to be a tragedy about human suffering which is transformed in communal art and blues music. For Sonny, blues music is catalyst for changes. Music helps the narrator to understand himself and complex relations with Sonny. Baldwin raises the theme of brotherhood and claims that the story implies that we are â€Å"our brother’s keepers†. Baldwin stresses that brotherly support is more than control and coercion. Summing up, the story is about the struggle of darkness and light, of good and evil in humans. References Baldwin, James.(2002). Sonny’s Blues. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Free Essays on Gnostics

Though Rome was unbending in its demand of obeisance to the state, it tolerated a remarkably free expression of religious thought. Within its borders could be found groups adhering to ideas of Eastern Buddhism, Persian Zoroastrianism, the Egyptian Hermetic tradition, Jewish monotheism, the sun worship of Mithras, and Greek Platonic thought. Gnosticism was one of these religions. It had its own sacred scriptures and ideas but it also freely borrowed from other traditions, developing a richly endowed theology. Alexandria was the main center of learning in the empire, its library the most famous of antiquity. In this great city at the mouth of the Nile congregated groups of varied culture and creed. Yet despite the outward signs of political peace and unity there was raging within the Roman soul a moral war. The accumulation of vast riches in the upper strata of society, excessive and cruel taxation of the peasants, widespread slavery, and disrespect for human life had risen to such a height that the inner decay they spread was destroying the heart of the nation. For this reason numerous groups were seeking to counter the prevailing decadence with a return to a higher morality. Throughout the empire, in the deserts or forests of the land, small societies of spiritual seekers began to gather. Often they led ascetic lives, determined to address the dissolution they saw in mainstream culture. In cities like Alexandria were born schools of philosophy, and great moral teachers sought to instil their students with higher ideals. The Christian groups in time became one of the loudest voices against the evils of the empire. They taught simplicity and communal sharing. Decrying the lot of the poor and oppressed, they denounced slavery and the brutality of the Roman gladiatorial games which slaughtered the underprivileged by the thousands. Many of the disaffected joined their ranks. Rome had always speedily silenced such popular protest, either ... Free Essays on Gnostics Free Essays on Gnostics Though Rome was unbending in its demand of obeisance to the state, it tolerated a remarkably free expression of religious thought. Within its borders could be found groups adhering to ideas of Eastern Buddhism, Persian Zoroastrianism, the Egyptian Hermetic tradition, Jewish monotheism, the sun worship of Mithras, and Greek Platonic thought. Gnosticism was one of these religions. It had its own sacred scriptures and ideas but it also freely borrowed from other traditions, developing a richly endowed theology. Alexandria was the main center of learning in the empire, its library the most famous of antiquity. In this great city at the mouth of the Nile congregated groups of varied culture and creed. Yet despite the outward signs of political peace and unity there was raging within the Roman soul a moral war. The accumulation of vast riches in the upper strata of society, excessive and cruel taxation of the peasants, widespread slavery, and disrespect for human life had risen to such a height that the inner decay they spread was destroying the heart of the nation. For this reason numerous groups were seeking to counter the prevailing decadence with a return to a higher morality. Throughout the empire, in the deserts or forests of the land, small societies of spiritual seekers began to gather. Often they led ascetic lives, determined to address the dissolution they saw in mainstream culture. In cities like Alexandria were born schools of philosophy, and great moral teachers sought to instil their students with higher ideals. The Christian groups in time became one of the loudest voices against the evils of the empire. They taught simplicity and communal sharing. Decrying the lot of the poor and oppressed, they denounced slavery and the brutality of the Roman gladiatorial games which slaughtered the underprivileged by the thousands. Many of the disaffected joined their ranks. Rome had always speedily silenced such popular protest, either ...

Interview protocol asginment for communication interviewing class, Coursework - 1

Interview protocol asginment for communication interviewing class, - Coursework Example My duties as an Advertiser designer will include planning and organizing events of different words, photos and illustrations in the Independent. This must be eye catching to attract a wide audience to read the daily. I will also be involved in putting the portfolios together in the Newspaper to provide a presentable outline to the readers. Finally, I will be required to have excellent persuasive communication and social skills that will be essential in presenting a good storyline of adverts to the readers. Other positions that I will highly associate with to produce presentable adverts to the audience include the multimedia department in providing me with better images or photos for the advertisement. The editorial staff for providing a good story storyline for the advertisements. The staff photographer is also important in advertising and will be useful in providing me with information relating to different products being put on ads. I will also be associated with type consultant to provide a credible material to the audience where he will give reasonable advice on the advertisements. The webmaster will also help me in uploading my adverts on the web, and will need to communicate with him regularly on completion of my work. Finally and most important, is the Advertising director who will have to review my work after completion before presenting to the editors, and the webmaster for publication of the material to the audience. My greatest accomplishment so far, is that during my University education, I managed to qualify with an AA, which places me in a better position in the job market. I have also attended internship opportunities while in college meaning I have gained some experience in the job position. During my University life, I was the president of the journalism club and thus gained a lot in communication skills. In the club, we managed to write articles some of them have been published and recognized which was a great achievement with other

Mathematics learning Theories 02 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mathematics learning Theories 02 - Essay Example Behaviorism Theory in learning considers observation on behaviors of students. Learning takes place when there is an increase in behaviors considered positive and reduction in behaviors considered negative. The theory compares mind to muscle and that they both benefits from exercise (Schoenfeld, 2013). In this theory, learning results from direct interaction with the environment. The theory uses rewards as reinforcements for good behavior and punishment for those having undesired behaviors. Cognitive learning theory explains how a person perceives information from the environment to the cognitive part of the brain. Cognitive theory considers the ability of human to be conscious of their thoughts. The information modifies the cognitive part in the brain to meet the environmental demands (Hoyles & Lagrange, 2010). The theory looks at the thinking and cognitive development depending on ages. As a child grows, the cognitive development also occurs through equilibration and understanding of concepts. In equilibration process, an individual balance both the ability to assimilate and accommodate new information. In constructivism theory of learning, the students or personal understanding of a concept that is independent of the other. In this mode of learning, a teacher does not lecture or transfer mathematical knowledge but provide students with situations to make mental constructions on their own (Instructional design, 2015). The constructivism theory encourages dialog in learning between students and teachers. How individuals acquire knowledge becomes the focus in this theory. It purports that challenges and questions lead to acquiring knowledge in learning mathematics through engagement in problem solving and the environment. The aim of this theory is to improve teaching and learning in classes through engagement of both students and teachers. This theory model faces challenge in creating situations that support students’ explanation while at the

Samsung Mobile Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Samsung Mobile Company - Essay Example Therefore an information audit is vital in determining whether a company is utilizing its information resources adequately to enable it to compete favorably within the business environment. As a result it is evident that an information audit has a major contribution to a company’s information systems strategy. This paper gives a critical analysis of the contribution of information audit to the information systems strategy with special reference to the Samsung Mobile Company which is the case study in this discussion. In addition, the application of competitive intelligence in strategic information system analysis is discussed in this paper with examples of Samsung Mobile Company’s Critical Success Factors being used to discuss how information audit contributes to a company’s information systems strategy. Bateman (1997, p. 167) asserts that it is through an information audit that a company is able to identify all the information resources available to it. Samsung Mobile Company has vast information resources both within and outside the organization. These resources include human expertise. Information can also be obtained through research on specific aspects of business operation such as marketing and training. Identification of the information resources of the company is crucial to enable the management come up with strategic information system strategies. ... These strategies include the development of various computer applications which are to be used in effective management of the company’s resources as a way of facilitating the achievement of objectives. According to Chen et al. ( 2010, p. 233), the production and marketing functions of a company perform optimally when information systems are used to facilitate the production process of a company in addition to the promotion of its brands. This is essential in making a company have a competitive advantage over other businesses dealing in the same line of products. Through an information audit, Samsung Mobile Company will be able to have strategic plans for the application of technology in promotion of its mobile products to have a competitive advantage over its competitors such as Nokia and Sony Erickson. As explained by Dubois (1995, p. 20), an information audit is essential for all organization because it enables them to identify and determine their information needs. Informat ion is very essential in any production company because it acts as the most important resource for the successful achievement of goals and objectives. Samsung Mobile Company should do an information audit to enable its management to make strategic plans on the information technology which is needed to enable the company meet its information needs. For example the company needs information about the political, economic, social and technological environment which will allow it to compete favorably with other mobile manufacturers. However Akhavan, Jafari and Fathian (2006, p. 97) point out that identification of the information needs during an information audit should focus on the information which

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney :: essays research papers

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney was born on February 25th, 1746 at Charleston, the eldest son of a politically prominent planter and a remarkable mother who introduced and promoted indigo culture in South Carolina. 7 years later, he accompanied his father, who had been appointed colonial agent for South Carolina, to England. As a result, the young Charles enjoyed a European education. Pinckney received tutoring in London, attended several preparatory schools, and went on to Christ Church College, Oxford, where he heard the lectures of the legal authority Sir William Blackstone and graduated in 1764. Pinckney next pursued legal training at London's. Middle Temple and was accepted for admission into the English bar in 1769. He then spent part of a year touring Europe and studying chemistry, military science, and botany under leading authorities. Late in 1769, Pinckney sailed home and the next year entered practice in South Carolina. His political career began in 1769, when he was elected to the provincial assembly. When South Carolina organized its forces in 1775 to battle the British, Pinckney joined the First South Carolina Regiment as a captain. He soon rose to the rank of colonel and fought in the South in defence of Charleston and in the North at the Battles of Brandywine, PA, and Germantown, PA. When Charleston fell in 1780, he was taken prisoner and held until 1782. The following year, he was discharged as a brevet brigadier general.Pinckney was one of the leaders at the Constitutional Convention. Present at all the sessions, he strongly advocated a powerful national government. His proposal that senators should serve without pay was not adopted, but he exerted influence in such matters as the power of the Senate to ratify treaties and the compromise that was reached concerning abolition of the international slave trade. After the convention, he defended the Constitution in South Carolina. In 1796, however, he accepted the post of Minister to France, but the revolutionary regime there refused to receive him and he was forced to proceed to the Netherlands. The next year, though, he returned to France when he was appointed to a special mission to restore relations with that country. During the ensuing XYZ affair, refusing to pay a bribe suggested by a French agent to facilitate negotiations, he was said to have replied "No! No! Not a sixpence!"When Pinckney arrived back in the United States in 1798, he found the country preparing for war with France.

Hiring Outsiders Essay

This is why companies look to hire people from the outside. They do this because they are looking with people who will bring unique skills to the company. Also, it can give the company new ideas and new energy for the work place. The article states that â€Å"the thought processes are common among workers and bosses, and  a new study  shows how they play out. The study, by  Matthew Bidwell, an assistant management professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, found that external hires, on average, make around 18 percent more money than internal employees with similar positions. I found this statement to be a very interesting point when it comes to the debate on whether or not to hire or not from the outside. It definitely shows that the numbers are better for profit, so that is definitely a big positive when it comes down to the question for managers who ask should they hire externally? However, later on in the article it states that in that same study, th ey perform less well in the first two years and are also more likely to leave or be let go. This is why companies don’t hire from the outside, because it takes to long for the employees to get use to the company they were hired at, rather then the one they were doing well at previously, this is one con of hiring from the outside. There are many other disadvantages about hiring from the outside as well. One of these factors would be it increases the chances of the work place morality to drop. What I mean by this is that if the people in the work place of the current company they are at hire other people for positions they are qualified for, this would possibly tick people within the company ff, and maybe even question those people if they should stay with the company or not. I remember you gave an example in class about how you were brought in for a company and one employee even confronted you and said how you took his job. This can definitely make the work place very uncomfortable for employees at the job. Just because a person did good at their current job does not mean they will automatically do good for the new company that hires them. The new employee will have to adapt to the new culture of the company and this can be very hard for new employees. Also, giving employees a chance to be promoted if they work hard is a benefit of hiring from the inside. This incentive definitely gives people something to work hard for and try to earn. I know for me, I don’t want to switch jobs a lot and if I were working at a place I would love the opportunity to keep moving up in the company if I was working hard. The article talks about how people within the company know the â€Å"do’s and don’ts of the company. † New people that companies bring in are unaware of what to do in certain situations and probably don’t have a very good idea of what the company is about compared to people that work within company. I definitely understand about what companies are trying to do from the outside, but some companies are blind to the fact that it will take a while for the new employees to gel in with everyone and the work place of the company. Overall, of course there is many benefits that include hiring from the outside, which include fresh skills and ideas. But the article states that Professor Groysberg says employers need to be much more strategic about hiring so that the organization has the right mix of old and new. This is a very important statement due to the fact that a company must decide is it really important that they absolutely need someone from the outside rather than someone who is already working there already? For employees that put in their two weeks because they are unhappy with the company hiring from the outside, the article has a very good solution for this. In the last meeting, it is important to ask what can we do to keep you here. Most of the time, people will say a raise. A good answer to this question would be we understand you want that but we don’t know if that’s possible, what else can we offer to you that is important to you? Answers like these will definitely help people from quitting to staying at the company.

Phrygian Cap/Bonnet Rouge

The Bonnet Rouge, also known as the Bonnet Phrygien / Phrygian Cap, was a red cap which began to be associated with the French Revolution in 1789. By 1791 it had become de rigueur for sans-culotte militants to wear one to show their loyalty and was widely used in propaganda. By 1792 it had been adopted by the government as an official symbol of the revolutionary state and has been resurrected at various moments of tension in French political history, right into the twentieth century. Design The Phrygian Cap has no brim and is soft and ‘limp’; it fits tightly around the head. Red versions became associated with the French Revolution. Sort of Origins In the early modern period of European history many works were written about life in ancient Rome and Greece, and in them appeared the Phrygian Cap. This was supposedly worn in the Anatolian region of Phrygian and developed into headwear of liberated slaves. Although the truth is confused and seems tenuous, the link between freedom from slavery and the Phrygian Cap was established in the early modern mind. Revolutionary Headwear Red Caps were soon used in France during moments of social unrest, and in 1675 there occurred a series of riots known to posterity as the Revolt of the Red Caps. What we don’t know is if the Liberty Cap was exported from these French tensions to the American Colonies, or whether it came back the other way, because red Liberty Caps were a part of American Revolutionary symbolism, from the Sons of Liberty to a seal of the US Senate. Either way, when a meeting of the Estates General in France in 1789 turned into one of the greatest revolutions in history the Phrygian Cap appeared.There are records showing the cap in use in 1789, but it really gained traction in 1790 and by 1791 was an essential symbol of the sans-culottes, whose legwear (after which they were named) and their headwear (the bonnet rouge) was a quasi-uniform showing the class and revolutionary fervor of working Parisians. The Goddess Liberty was shown wearing one, as was the symbol of the French nation Marianne, an d revolutionary soldiers wore them too. When Louis XVI was threatened in 1792 by a mob which broke into his residence they made him wear a cap, and when Louis was executed the cap only increased in importance, appearing pretty much everywhere that wanted to appear loyal. Revolutionary fervor (some might say madness) meant that by 1793 some politicians were made by law to wear one. Later Use However, after the Terror, the sans-culottes and the extremes of the revolution were out of favor with people who wanted a middle way, and the cap began to be replaced, partly to neuter opposition. This hasn’t stopped the Phrygian Cap reappearing: in the 1830 revolution and the rise of the July monarchy caps appeared, as they did during the revolution of 1848. The bonnet rouge remains an official symbol, used in France, and during recent times of tension in France, there have been news reports of Phrygian Caps appearing.

Managing Cultural Diversity in the Workplace Essay

Cultural diversity in the workplace is becoming more and more prevalent. Corporations in all industries are encouraging minorities, women, elderly workers, people with disabilities as well as foreign workers to join white males in the workplace. The following analysis will focus on these groups and how companies are encouraging them to join an ever-expanding workplace. Even if affirmative action is dismantled, diversity of the workforce is clearly here to stay. Business owners and managers, experts say, will still need to maintain or step up efforts to recruit and advance ethnic minorities in the year 2000 and beyond. That’s essentially because having a diverse work force and managing it effectively will simply be good business for†¦show more content†¦#61656; By 2000, women will be 47% of the labor force #61656; Over the next 20 years the U.S. population will grow by 42 million. Hispanics will account for 47% of the growth, Blacks22%, Asians18% and Whites13%. #61656; Miami is 2/3 Hispanics. #61656; San Francisco is 1/3 Asian American. A more recent survey suggests that smaller businesses have been more successful than larger ones in promoting ethnic minorities into upper management. The study shows that in businesses with fewer than 500 employees, twenty percent of the senior managers are minorities, as compared with about 13 percent for businesses with five hundred or more employees (Thiederman, 162). The reason probably lies in the fact that the highest net increase of small businesses since the early 1990’s have been minority owned. The number of Hispanic-owned business has grown 76% since the early 90’s proceeded by Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Alaskan Natives which grew 61% (Nickels, McHugh, McHugh, 4). Naturally, minority-owned businesses are more opt to promote their own into managerial positions. Either because the business is family owned or they have a limited labor pool of applicants. Managing diversity goes ‘far beyond’ meeting the legal requirements of equal employment opportunity and affirmative action. Whereas Affirmative action is based on mandatory compliance regulations designed to bring the level ofShow MoreRelatedThe Best Practices Diversity Management And How Do They Improve Organizational Performance?924 Words   |  4 PagesOlaitan Okusaga HRM 350 Cross Cultural Communication Essay Dec 29, 2014 Topic: What are some of the best practices in diversity management and how do they improve organizational performance? Introduction As we enter the new phase of modern labor, diversity in the workforce is rapidly increasing. This wave of multiculturalism is here to stay and cannot be ignored by the present workers or students that are preparing to take charge of the future workforce. It is in need of attention in orderRead MoreWorkplace Diversity : The Visible Or Invisible Differences Among Employees Of An Organization1653 Words   |  7 PagesWorkforce Diversity defines the visible or invisible differences among employees of an organization and could be divided in to three major components such as Primary, Secondary and Organizational and Community. Factors such as Age, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Ethnicity represents Primary while Appearance, Educational Background, Marital Status, Work experience represents Secondary and Job position, Specialization, Nationality, Life stage represents Organizational and Community. In recent years, organizationsRead MoreValue of Diversity Paper1213 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: VALUE OF DIVERSITY PAPER Value of Diversity Paper Cultural Diversity SOC/315 Value of Diversity in the Workplace In companies or corporations the global landscape now reflects diversity in the employees found in the workplace. Employees come from different backgrounds, geographic or global areas, ethnic and cultural origins, and have unique skills and talents. Individuals must work together and merge skills and manage diversity effectively in the workplace. Our thoughts, actionsRead MoreCultural Diversity in the Workplace Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesErica L. Munsey Cultural Diversity In The Workplace Sociology 220B There is presently more than 60% percent of the United States work force that consist of immigrants, minorities and woman. Current studies show that in the next 10 – 15 years such groups will rise to 90% in the work force. Today’s leaders are now confronted with the challenges of how to effectively manage the work force that is increasing in the diverse lines of ethnicity, physical abilityRead MoreManaging Diversity Within The Workplace1605 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract- Managing Diversity in the workplace requires a lot of focus, training, and time. This paper gives an insight into the world of management and how diversity plays a big part. It explores the key benefits to putting emphasis on diversity and also how not putting emphasis on diversity could hurt your business. This paper also gives examples on how to go about managing diversity in the workplace. With proper focus on managing diversity, your organization can be at a big advantage. I. INTRODUCTIONRead MoreThe Challenges Of Human Resource Management872 Words   |  4 Pageshuman resource management faces in terms of workplace globalization is workplace diversity. Diversity is the condition of having or being composed of differing elements : VARIETY; especially : the inclusion of different types of people (as people of different races or cultures) in a group or organization programs intended to promote diversity in schools.( http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diversity) Human Resource Management deal with managing a diverse work force from all around the worldRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace1452 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction As a general statement diversity refers to the prevention of discrimination in conjunction with the improvement of equality. It’s about valuing differences and inclusion; this is the act of spanning such areas as ethnicity, age, race, culture, sexual orientation, physical disability and religious beliefs. 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Carroll Current Issues in OB Final Diversity Management and Cultural Intelligence Diversity Management and cultural intelligence is the crucial keys in today’s workforce to successfully compete in a global marketplace. Corporations can no longer use lack of cultural intelligence as an excuse. Organizations pursuing global success must embrace diversity in their thoughts, actions, and innovations. Diversity doesn’t just focus on making the numbers, but how the organization’sRead MoreDeveloping And Managing Multi Cultural Teams1331 Words   |  6 Pages Developing and Managing Multi-Cultural Teams Jason LaVoie Argosy University Online â€Æ' Executive Summary Today’s workforce is ever more diverse in means of personal traits such as race, ethnicity, gender, national origin, religion, gender identification, and sexual orientation. Diversity research proposes that such diversity in the workplace will steer to lesser costs and/or greater revenues, enhancing the bottom line of an organization. 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Prescription Drug Abuse Essay - 1860 Words

Katelyn Valdovinos English 12 Acevedo 9 November 2017 Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic Does one know about the prescription drug abuse epidemic our country is currently facing? Prescription drug abuse doesn’t discriminate, as it affects people of all ages, races, genders, and socioeconomic status. So what is causing this Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic? A prescription drug also known as a pharmaceutical drug is used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. Prescription Drug Abuse is known for being commonly recognized in developing nations, due to regulations and availability of the drugs. An article in the December 2008 issue of the International Journal of Drug Policy, Drugs and Development: The Global Impact of Drug Use and†¦show more content†¦Pharmaceutical companies are all over this world, constantly showing how corrupt the industry is becoming and creating new data, and new advertisements, but what are these new pieces of data and advertisements? What are they saying? Prescription drug abuse has become a major health epidemic because of th e increase use of prescribed drugs on college campuses, pharmaceutical companies misleading doctors and patients, and illegal trafficking. The misuse of prescription drugs among college students has become an important public health concern over the past years due to increases in its’ widespread presence since the mid 1990s. In the article â€Å"A Rising Epidemic on College Campuses: Prescription Drug Abuse,† Clinton’s editorial team mentions that the epidemic has now spread to college campuses because students are being exposed to these drugs, using them for a variety of reasons. Xanax and Adderall are specifically the main drugs being used on these campuses. Xanax is a pill that treats anxiety and panic disorder, and Adderall is used to treat ADHD and make studying easier. A Miami student himself spoke upon his experiences with drugs on campus, â€Å" I tried to study and put my all into this, but I surrendered andShow MoreRelatedPrescription Drug Abuse Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pageshard transition in his life from the elementary levels of school to high school. Along the way, he started hangi ng out with the wrong crowd and doing all sorts of drugs like smoking marijuana and drinking alcohol. In his senior year he realized he wanted to do something different with his life and he joined the boxing team and quit drugs, but one Saturday night that all ended. David was offered a patch that was supposed to make him feel an extremely good feeling. He didnt know what was in the patchRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesPrescription Drug Abuse Research Paper According to results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), an estimated 2.4 million Americans used prescription drugs non medically for the first time within the past year. This statistic averages to approximately 6,600 new people per day who are taking prescription drugs that were not prescribed to them, or are not needed to treat a serious condition anymore. More than one-half of the 2.4 million people taking prescription drugsRead MoreEssay on Prescription Drug Abuse1318 Words   |  6 Pages Prescription drug abuse has become increasingly prevalent among teens in the county. There has been an increase in the abuse of prescription drugs for a number of reasons. Some individuals who misuse prescription drugs believe they are safer than other illicit drugs because they are prescribed by a healthcare professional and dispensed by a pharmacist. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has classified this prescription drug abuse as an epidemic. More a nd more teens are becoming addictedRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse Essay1852 Words   |  8 PagesPrescription drug abuse has become an epidemic in the United States especially among the youth of our country. The Partnership for a Drug Free America says that 2,500 teens a day abuse prescription drugs. Abuse of these narcotics can lead to serious mental and physical consequences. Why is this such a problem, what can we do to solve it, and how is it affecting our social lives? First we must explore what prescription drugs are being abused. The most popular abused drugs fall into three categoriesRead MoreEssay on The Rise on Prescription Drug Abuse860 Words   |  4 Pages and or the physicians lack the knowledge of the best ways to help manage the pain their patients are experiencing. This is why most people believe that Physicians are the main cause for the rise of prescription drug abuse (Garcia, 2013). Between the years of 1999 and 2010 the amount of prescription painkillers that were sold to the pharmacies, hospitals, and the doctor offices nearly quadrupled. This means that physicians are prescribing four times more pain medications than they did 11 years agoRead MoreTeenage Prescription Drug Abuse Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage Prescription Drug Abuse Years ago, the common image of an adolescent drug abuser was a teen trying to escape from reality on illegal substances like cocaine, heroin, or marijuana. Today, there is a great discrepancy between that perception and the reality of who is likely to abuse drugs. A teenage drug abuser might not have to look any further than his or her parent’s medicine chest to ‘score.’ Prescription drug abuse by teens is on the rise. Also, teens are looking to prescription drugsRead More Prescription Drug Abuse in America Essay1800 Words   |  8 Pageswith people, ages 12 and older, taking prescription pills without being prescribed them. (NSDUH) Many teens and adults can recall a friend asking them for their prescription pills or have witnessed someone taking these pills illegally. Throughout my life, there are many instances that I can recall from memory that deal with prescription pills and these instance changed or altered my life. People tend to think that prescription pi lls are safer than street drugs because they are made for people to takeRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse in Teenagers Essay2188 Words   |  9 PagesPrescription Drug Abuse in Teenagers Christina King COM 220 May 19, 2010 Rosario Rivera-Reyes Although prescription drugs are not harmful if used correctly, prescription drug abuse is high in teenagers. Most parents would never think their teenagers are helping themselvesRead MoreEssay about Abuse of Prescription Drugs2259 Words   |  10 Pagesdefinition of abuse of prescription drugs is using a medication in a manner other than prescribed, by a person who it was not prescribed for, to obtain a particular experience. Many people, but especially teenagers and young adults, have turned to abusing prescription medication. Some people have an increased genetic risk of getting addicted to medications but environmental factors such as economic level, lack of employment and pressure from peers also have a significant impact. Abuse of these drugs has harmfulRead MoreEssay on Prescription Drugs and Drug Abuse in the United States1751 Words   |  8 PagesWith access to prescription drugs, people are able to treat a multitude of diseases and illnesses. These drugs hel p deal with pain, inability to sleep, depression, and much more. Every day we are increasingly living in a world where there is better living through chemicals. However, what most do not seem to see is the rising tide of pain, illness, and ultimately death being caused by the pills people take every day. Most keep drugs in a special place in their minds, where they see them as harmless

Homeostasis and Cardiovascular System Free Essays

The American physiologist Walter Cannon used the term Homeostasis to describe the body’s ability to maintain a constant stable internal environment despite the changes to the external surrounding1,2. The body has a range of receptors these are used to constantly monitor the body’s internal conditions to keep them in physiological limits. To achieve this, every organ works together and thus the body works together as a whole. We will write a custom essay sample on Homeostasis and Cardiovascular System or any similar topic only for you Order Now This requires body to communicate with the organs, this is established through two very highly specialized systems; nervous system and endocrine system, they use electrical impulses and hormones to communicate respectively1. It is vital for our body to maintain homeostasis for our survival, this ability of the body allows us to adapt to our environment which is why we can live in a variety of different settings3.The mechanism of every homeostatic control has three interdependent components; the receptor, which is a sensor that responds to a change (stimuli) in the environment, by sending information through the afferent pathway to the control center1. The second component, which is the control center, is where the information received is assessed and it is determined whether the conditions are in limits1. The final component is the effector; it uses the information provided by the control center to respond to the change1.The information travels along the efferent pathway from control center to the effector this result in a response to the stimuli1. There are two different homeostatic mechanisms; a negative feedback and a positive feedback. Which mechanism is in action depends on the stimuli. During negative feedback the mechanism reacts by producing a response to the variable in opposite directions, this is achieved through reducing the intensity or cutting off the output completely2. For example, you have your central heating on but you open your window this would result in losing heat hence, reducing the temperature of the room.This change would be detected by the thermostat thus signals will be sent to the boiler to increase the activity. This increase in activity would lead to restoring of the temperature. Now if you close the window and the temperature is established the thermostat would detect this and so will again send signals to the boiler to reduce the activity. For the positive feedback mechanism the body tends to produce a response that increases the activity of the variable so it supports the change1,2. This moves the stimulus further away from its physiological range.This type of control is not as common as the negative control; it has no limits and is more focused on continuous change1. It occurs during the events where frequent adjustment is not required. A very good example for this control is blood clotting. If a blood vessel is damaged, the platelets tend to stick to the site and release chemicals which attract more platelets1. This leads to a rapid accumulation of platelets which eventually forms a clot. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and the blood vessels. Its job is to pump the blood to all parts of the body.The system contributes to maintain homeostasis in the body at all times whether it’s to do with providing brain cells with oxygen and glucose so that the control center in the brain carry’s on working to its best potential or working with kidneys to control the blood volume. The system itself is very complex and specialized. The blood flow in the body must be kept constant and steady. This requires the body to work as a whole with the heart being the center of the homeostatic control. The components that control blood pressure in the heart play a significant role in homeostasis. Cardiac output (CO), Stroke volume, peripheral resistance, blood volume and heart rate all of these contribute towards regulating blood pressure in the body4. The cardiac output â€Å"is the volume of blood pumped put by each ventricle in 1 minute†5 . It can be measured by CO= Heart rate x Stroke volume, as the equation shows the CO depends on the heart rate and stroke volume (â€Å" the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat†), therefore any changes in one of these would bring a change to the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles1,6.The heart rate in controlled by the cardioinhibitory center located in medulla which sends signals through the parasympathetic nerves to the heart7. When the heart is at its resting state the stroke volume is controlled by the end diastolic volume1. When the body is under stress the activity on the sympathetic nervous system is increased by the cardioacceleratory center1. This results in increase in the heart rate and stroke volume by increasing the cardiac muscle activity. The peripheral resistance is adjusted or altered every now and then in order to maintain the fluctuation in blood pressure.The cardiovascular system and nervous system work together to maintain the mean arterial pressure (MAP) by changing the size of the blood vessels diameter, therefore if the blood pressure is low; blood vessels constrict apart from those supplying blood to the heart and the brain1,7. This result in an increase in peripheral resistance hence maintains the blood pressure to its normal range. These type of controls are operated through baroreceptors and vasomotor center located in the medulla.The increase in arterial pressure leads to stretching of baroreceptors; these are located in the aortic arch, carotid arteries and other large arteries8. The stretching of these baroreceptors sends signals to the vasomotor center8. This is responsible for altering the size of blood vessels. If the blood pressure is higher than this would be detected by the baroreceptors which in return would cause vasodilation of not only arteries but also veins, this dilation of the vessels reduces peripheral resistance1.The dilation of veins declines in the volume of blood returned to the heart therefore the cardiac output is also decreased, baroreceptors sends out impulses that stimulate activity of parasympathetic activity and reduce activity of the cardioacceleratory center therefore reducing the heart rate1,4,8. Similarly, if the blood pressure was low the vessels would constrict causing vasoconstriction; this increases peripheral resistance hence increase in the blood pressure. In addition to this, the body’s temperature has to be maintained for all the metabolic reactions taking place.These reactions are vital for survival and growth therefore the cardiovascular system and skin together maintain the optimum temperature. For example, if the surrounding temperature is low the blood vessels near the skin go under vasoconstriction by the sympathetic vasoconstrictor9. This results in blood not reaching to the skin and restricted to the areas away from the skin. Therefore heat loss is reduced significantly maintaining the body temperature to physiological range. Whereas if the temperature of the surrounding is high, the body must lose heat in order to keep its optimum temperature.It achieves this by dilating the blood vessels this allows blood to travel even more closely to the skin thus radiating the heat out9. On the other hand, if there is a homeostatic imbalance of the cardiovascular system (CVS) this can be life threatening. An imbalance could be caused by anything it can be a genetic disorder, unhealthy diet or a disease. An example of such a condition of CVS that can cause homeostatic imbalance is atherosclerosis. This condition blocks the artery and therefore leads to hypertension (homeostatic imbalance)10. The blockage of the artery is caused by damage to the tunica intima, this allows lumps of fatty substances such as lipids, cholesterol and LDLs to accumulate at the ruptured site1. Overtime reactions take place; these oxidize the LDLs which then act as chemotactic agents that attract macrophages8. These take up oxidized LDLs and ingest them, but they become so engorged that they turn into foam cells1,8. The foam cells build up overtime to form atheroma (plaque). Macrophages release chemicals, these make the smooth muscle cells move to the surface of the plaque and forming a covering8.Due to this obstruction the blood pressure and supply is affected, as a result the heart increases the contraction strength to meet the needs of the body causing hypertension. Consequently, the person is at a high risk of other diseases such as congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, stroke, damage to kidneys and many others10. It is still not sure what causes atherosclerosis however there are certain risk factors that increase an individual’s chance of having this condition. Some of these factors are diet rich in cholesterol, smoking, hypertension and family history 10,11.Overall, it is very clear how difficult it is to maintain homeostasis; the cardiovascular system plays a very important role and is involved in homeostasis directly and indirectly. However, every organ must carry out its job to maintain a constant internal environment; one small condition can lead to a complete collapse of the system. How to cite Homeostasis and Cardiovascular System, Papers

Physical Therapy Journal Emergency Medicine-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: 1. As the treating therapist, what signs and symptoms would clue you to a possible mitral valve dysfunction, should it occur with this patient while she was exercising? 2. During an initial interview with the patient, she describes that she thinks she is having heart palpations. You ask her to describe what she feels. What would be some of the ways that she might describe what she is feeling? Define heart palpitations. 3. What are some associated symptoms that can occur with palpitations? 4. A patient describes palpitation as part of his or her symptoms but may not be experiencing heart disease. What could be other causes of heart palpitations? 5. Syncope that occurs without any warning period of lightness, dizziness or nausea may be a sign of _____________? 6. What is the difference between cardiac syncope and non-cardiac syncope? 7. How would you know the difference between a patient complaining of heartburn or anginal pain? 8. You are examining a 52 year old patient who com plains of substernal pain radiating into the neck and down the left arm. Based on your readings, how would you be able to differentiate between a patient having a myocardial infarction or a patient with acute onset of pericarditis? 9. Why is it important that patients with a comprised cardiac condition not smoke or eat a large meal before performing his or her exercise program? 10. What are the 3 Ps? What is the significance of each one? 11. When are palpitations clinically significant? Answer: 1: The signs and symptoms of mitral valve dysfunction are not prominent for many patients. However, early diagnosis and treatment may repair any damage. The signs and symptoms of mitral valve dysfunction have been summarized below. Heart murmur: In this condition, the blood flow through the heart follows a turbulent motion. Dyspnea: Shortness of breath. Fatigue: Happens with exercise. Heart palpitations: A fluttering and rapid heartbeat. Swollen ankles and feet. Chest pain. Since the patient had a history of mitral valve dysfunction, so the patient might be having a relapse (Cheung et al., 2013). Although the initial symptoms are not that relevant but this can occur with the patient while she was exercising. 2: Heart palpitations are the defined as the conditions of fluttering, pounding or rapid heart. This can get initiated by exercise, stress, medical condition or medication. Usually, the heart palpitations are harmless but the more severe condition of cardiac arrhythmia may require an intervention (Tayal Dancy, 2013). Her descriptions might include the condition of the heart beating too rapidly, it may beating harder than normal, the heart may be fluttering and skipping beats. She might be feeling the symptoms of heart palpitations in her neck, chest or throat. She might be experiencing these conditions when she is lying down, seated or even while standing (Jastrezebski, Hart Czernecka, 2015). 3: There are a few associated symptoms of palpitations that require immediate medical intervention. These have been listed below. Chest pain or discomfort. Severe dyspnea or shortness of breath. Severe dizziness. The palpitation that lasts for a few seconds or is infrequent does not require any medical intervention or evaluation. But in case the patient has a medical history of heart disease and suffer from frequent palpitations or if it worsens, medical intervention is required. Heart monitoring examinations may be carried out to detect the cause of the palpitations and diagnosis of any underlying heart disease. 4: The causes of palpitations, which are non-heart related, have been listed below. Strong emotions, which may include stress, fear or anxiety during panic attacks. Energetic physical activity like exercise. Nicotine, caffeine or alcohol and street drugs like amphetamines and cocaine. Medical conditions of anemia, thyroid disease, low level of blood sugar, decreased blood pressure, dehydration and fever. Hormonal changes which occur during pregnancy, menstruation and perimenopausal period. Medications like decongestants, diet pills and asthma inhalers. Nutritional and herbal supplements. Abnormal levels of electrolytes. Heavy meals rich in sugar, fat or carbohydrates. 5: Syncope that occurs without any warning symptom of dizziness or nausea may be a sign of cardiac arrhythmia. Cardiac arrhythmia may be defined as the condition in which the heart beats are either too slow or too fast. In case the heartbeats are too slow, the condition is bradycardia and in case the heartbeats are too fast, the condition is known as tachycardia. The cardiac arrhythmias usually do not have any symptom. However, in case the symptoms are present, these may include palpitations, shortness of breath, lightheadedness and chest pain. Cardiac arrest or heart failure may result out of cardiac arrhythmias (Nguyen et al., 2015). 6: Syncope can be defined as the temporary and sudden loss of consciousness, which is not due to seizures or trauma. Usually, aged patients are at a higher risk of cardiac death and falls due to syncope. The cardiac syncope is the one that occurs due to the cardiovascular causes. These causes include the mechanical causes like obstruction of cardiac valves and electrical causes like arrhythmias. Obstruction of a major vascular structure and central circulation can also cause syncope. On the contrary, the causes of non-cardiac syncope include vasovagal reaction, orthostatic hypotension, hypersensitivity of the carotid sinus, neurologic and micturition (Bhat et al., 2014). 7: The differences between angina pain have been listed below. The pain due to angina radiates to the neck, arms and shoulders while the heartburn pain does not radiate. The angina pain is not associated with meals while the pain due to heartburn may occur usually after meals. Angina pain does not respond to antacids whereas heartburn pain responds quickly. Angina pain is accompanied with lightheadedness, dizziness or cold sweat while the pain due to heartburn rarely accompanies them. Nausea and vomiting are accompanied with angina pain whereas these are absent in the case of heartburn pain (Chawla et al., 2015).8: It is quite difficult to distinguish between the presence of myocardial infarction and onset of pericarditis. The misdiagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) and pericarditis may lead to complications (Fisher et al., 2015). However, few differences can be stated between these two diagnoses based on the ECG findings, which have been mentioned below. Serial monitoring of the graphs of ECG may help in differentiating between MI and acute onset of pericarditis as MI is not associated with the depression of the PR segment. The ratio of T-wave to ST-segment of 0.25 or more helps in differentiating. In case of MI the ST segment is convex and in case of pericarditis it is concave. Patients with MI show QRS complex prolongation whereas it is absent in pericarditis. 9: A patient with a comprised cardiac condition has a weak state of heart. Under this condition, smoking or eating a large meal will increase the blood pressure. After that, if the patient goes for his exercise program, it may result in cardiac arrest. The weak heart may not be able to handle the increased heart rate and thus, result in the cardiac failure of the patient. Also, regular smokers and consumers of fatty diets develop atherosclerosis. This will reduce the blood and oxygen supply to the heart, especially in case of exercise. The heart will not be able to withstand the pressure, eventually collapse, and result in a heart attack or arrhythmia. 10: The 3Ps are Pulse, Periphery and Blood Pressure. A cardiac condition may require immediate intervention if the 3Ps are found to be in the following order. Pulse: 60/min or 110/min. Periphery is clammy and cool. Blood pressure (Systolic) 100mm of Hg. 11: Palpitations are clinically significant as markers for the identification of the conditions of cardiac arrhythmia, which are underlying. The type of disturbance in the rhythm and the clinical reference of their occurrence make palpitations clinically significant. However, the symptoms alone do not signify the occurrence of cardiac conditions (Jonsbu et al., 2013). References Bhat, P. K., Pantham, G., Laskey, S., Como, J. J., Rosenbaum, D. S. (2014). Recognizing cardiac syncope in patients presenting to the emergency department with trauma.The Journal of emergency medicine,46(1), 1-8. Chawla, L. S., Goldstein, S. L., Kellum, J. A., Ronco, C. (2015). Renal angina: concept and development of pretest probability assessment in acute kidney injury.Crit Care,19, 93. Cheung, A., Webb, J. G., Barbanti, M., Freeman, M., Binder, R. K., Thompson, C., ... Ye, J. (2013). 5-year experience with transcatheter transapical mitral valve-in-valve implantation for bioprosthetic valve dysfunction.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,61(17), 1759-1766. Fisher, P., Sidhu, R., Behuria, S., Rachko, M. (2015). Pericardial effusion in the setting of Takosubo Cardiomyopathy. Jastrzebski, M., Hart, R., Czarnecka, D. (2015). Wide QRS complex tachycardia in a patient with complete heart block: What is the mechanism?.Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology. Jonsbu, E., Martinsen, E. W., Morken, G., Moum, T., Dammen, T. (2013). Change and impact of illness perceptions among patients with non-cardiac chest pain or benign palpitations following three sessions of CBT.Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy,41(04), 398-407. Nguyen, T., Van Tran, H., Minh, H. P. N., Rigatelli, G., Dagubati, R. (2015). GW26-e5423 Strategies for Investigations of Patients Presenting with Syncope.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,66(16_S). Tayal, U., Dancy, M. (2013). Palpitations.Medicine,41(2), 118-124.

The Soviet Socialist Leader Essays - Vladimir Lenin, Marxism

The Soviet Socialist Leader Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov, more popularly known as Lenin, is arguably the greatest leader in Russian and Soviet Union History. Lenin inspired and led the Bolshevik (Communist) Revolution of 1917, and was the architect and first head of the recently dismantled United Soviet Socialist Republic. I would also argue that the Bolshevik Revolution is the most significant political event of the 20th century, and Lenin must for good or ill be regarded as the century's most significant political leader. Not only in the scholarly circles of the former Soviet Union but even among many non-Communist scholars, he has been regarded as both the greatest revolutionary leader and revolutionary statesman in history, as well as the greatest revolutionary thinker since Marx. Lenin's considerable leadership power stemmed primarily from his visions and the passionate manners in which he conveyed them. This was never more evident than during the Communist Revolution. Lenin did not have a great military mind, nor his generals and advisors, and thus he created some of the more serious military blunders of the century. However, Lenin was able to continually inspire the Bolshevik army despite their many defeats. Outnumbered, outgunned, starving, freezing, and exhausted, Lenin's motivated army defeated the Mensheviks in 1918 and seized control of the Russian government. Adding to the amazement of his leadership ability, Lenin controlled the Bolshevik revolution from another country. Lenin fled to Switzerland for the greater portion of the 1917 Revolution to escape possible capture and execution. While in Switzerland, he authored many idealist works, including Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916). In this book, Lenin argued that the world war was an inevitable outcome of Western capitalism and imperialism, whereby the capitalist states of Europe had come to rely upon aggressive foreign expansion in order to maintain economic profits. Lenin was able to use that notion and similar ideas to gain support from the civilian sector, as well. Not only did Lenin believe in Socialism, but he knew he would also be able to sell the idea to others. While the Western world views Communism, Marxism, and Leninism as deprave, the Russian peasants at the time were searching for something or anything that promised prosperity. In Lenin's public addresses and interviews, he emphasized the Socialist ideals of unity, equality, and, of course, prosperity. It is easy in the Western world, where the good of the one is often allowed to outweigh the good of the many, to see the flaws of Socialism and Communism. However, Lenin's beliefs and methods have nothing to do with his great leadership power. We do not have to agree with him to recognize his abilities. Whether wittingly or not, I believe Lenin deceived the Russian population. Regardless, though, he was able to influence an entire country to follow his lead. Governmental Issues

Cx Ima Bascxfdfd Essays

Cx Ima Bascxfdfd Essays Cx Ima Bascxfdfd Essay Cx Ima Bascxfdfd Essay It should be readable but in a proper discourse and with a proper display. The content of the textbook as we have already mentioned should be encyclopedic i. e. knowledge based facts, concepts, values and attitudes. There must be reading assignments, rewriting assignments, summaries, recalls and text included as teachable part of the textbook. The structure of a textbook is based on problem-solving technique. The coherence of a textbook needs clarity of ideas, i. e. readability with commenting words and phrases.A textbook should be appropriate to the topics by explaining in proper language and discourse, related with the previous knowledge and using graphs, illustrations, pictures, photographs to depict the concepts. Its talk should be friendly like â€Å"Have you ever been / heard†. It is called meta-discourse. Activities, questions, projects, intellectuals and emotional engagements should be placed as a part of teaching in a textbook. A textbook is not only a student â€Å" aid, it is also a teachers tool†, so a student should know that what he has to do with the text and a teacher should be given pedagogical points.Hence, it is recommendable that students comer, and teacher points should be given in a textbook though there may be a separate work book or a teachers guide. A textbook is a product for teaching learning process. It would be rather developed and not written. It should not be a piece of writing and not a piece of literature or mere 1 GUIDELINES FOR TEXTBOOKS AUTHORS Understanding Curriculum Standards – Benchmarks SLOs Standards The competencies by descriptive statements specifying broadly, the knowledge, skills and attitudes that students will acquire, shall know and be able to do in a particular key area during the course of study.These are qualitative in nature and sets out the learning targets. They may not be subject specific. Benchmarks The standards indicate what the students will accomplish at the end of each developmen t level. They are subject specific. SLOs The detailed statements describing what students are supposed to learn and be able to do at each grade level to achieve the specified benchmarks. They are activity specific and generally observable and measurable. 2 A Paradigm Shift From Traditional approaches: 1. Based on contents topics 2. Focus on objectives 3. Learning Medium â€Å"Words† 4.Focus on teaching 5. Teacher centered 6. One way approach 7. Reading, writing, communication and using arithmetic (skills) 8. Assessment of content knowledge simple understanding 9. Promote memorization Guidelines for textbooks authors To Standard based approaches: 1. Based on standards 2. Focus on SLOs 3. Learning Medium â€Å"Images† 4. Focus on learning 5. Student centered 6. Variety of approaches 7. Interpersonal, team work and problem solving skills 8. Assessment of content ,skills and attitudes, deeper understanding, reasoning and application 9. Promote thinking What is new in a T extbookFrom descriptive and reading approach to information mapping, Interactive elements, life skills activities, gender equity, brain teasers for initiating discussions, diagrams, illustrations, worked examples, Interesting information in Boxes, critical thinking problems and FAQs for effective Learning. COMPUTER SCIE ENGLISH 11 NCE 8It is a 10 great virtue to be helpful PUNJAB TEXTBOOK BOARD, LAHORE PUNJAB TEXT BOOK BOAR D, LAHORE 3 Guidelines for textbooks authors Qualities of a Textbook Writing a good textbook requires the skills of a subject specialist, a curriculum expert, a good teacher with classroom experience, and an imaginative author.Structured approach Active learning methodoloyg Development of critical thinking Improved teaching methodology Focus on skills development rather than rote memorization Pre-tested in field Active learning methodoloyg Gender balanced Active design and layout Interactive contents 4 Guidelines for textbooks authors NATIONAL CURRICULA 2006/07 E nvisage Textbooks O Providing knowledge which is useful for a developing society. O Inculcating problems-solving approach to create independent / critical thinking. O Creating skills and attitudes relevant with real life situation.O Reflecting innovative writing/modern production processes. O Containing upto date ; age appropriate text. O Based on conceptual assessment, thinking based exercises instead of fact / memory questions oriented only. STRATAGEM TO DEVELOP A TEXTBOOK Get help from the information super highway If you have access to internet, explore its nooks and carnies, such as e-mail, use Google, the worldwide web (www), and so on. The existence of www had search engine makes it easy to find services of information on any topic.To use a search engine, just type in one or more keywords or phrases, and the search engine looks over the millions of websites around the world to find those that mention these words or phrases; then you can visit those sites. The whole process ta kes only a few seconds. One URL is google. com and another is www. msn. com to search sites: It is very essential to be careful to give credit to the sources being used. If you copy material from the internet or from other sources and present it as your own, you stealing another persons property or you are misguided by another persons ideas.O Review all contemporary books for content prior to start work. O Assume students having no prior knowledge when presenting new term – define / explain as required. O Provide smooth transition from previous information covered and new information presented. CHAPTER OPENING O Describe SLOs at the beginning of each chapter clearly stating the objectives and skills to be achieved in the chapter. O Give a brief overview/preview/introduction/outlines of the chapter. O The chapter can also be opened by giving a case study/quotation or any other special feature. 5 Guidelines for textbooks authorsCHAPTER CORE O Add historical and current dates o f interest. O Include enough information to allow the reader to comprehend a specific concept maintaining breath and depth for addressing the expected learning outcomes of the National Curriculum. O Build vertical linkage between various concepts from lower to higher level and at the same time horizontal linkage of concepts of one discipline with the others. O Avoid overlapping of concepts vertically as well as horizontally. If need arises, give recall paragraphs. O Relate the concepts to students own experience and observation.O Textual matter should be harmonized reflecting unity and coherence, discussing diverse view points wherever appropriate. O Provide guidance, as necessary, on safety, health and environment requirement pertaining to the learning event. O Text and activities to demonstrate care and respect for the environment. COMMUNICATION O Fewer words are better. Be concise, use simple language which consists of short sentences. Prefer graded vocabulary. O Present content using consistent nomenclature/ internationally accepted terminology/units. O Highlight the headings, sub-heading, key words, terms and definitions.For distinction use level heading â€Å"A† 4. 1, 4. 2level â€Å"B† 4. 1. 1, 4. 2. 1level â€Å"C† (a), (b), (c) (i), (ii), (iii)-and level â€Å"D† bold but unnumbered. ILLUSTRATIONS O Use the appropriate elements to promote comprehension – charts, tables, graphs, illustration, line drawings – cartoon types illustrations for children. Real life coloured photographs and illustrations make the substance vivid, attractive and easy to digest. O Draw figures to size and should be numbered as Fig. 4. 1, 4. 2, 4. 3 followed by captions, label if needed (font size 9).All figures to be cited in the text. 6 Guidelines for textbooks authors INTERACTIVE ELEMENTS O Pre-reading O Activities while reading O Headers and footers O Linkage of text and figures O Elaboration of concepts with examples O Interaction o f text with society O Puzzles O Brain teasers O Quick quiz O â€Å"Do you know† in boxes O STS connections O Field trips O Clippings O Flash cards O Models O Work sheets O Flow charts O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Labeling a diagram Peer discussion Problems solving Clipart/Cartoons / caricatures Tidbits – speech bubbles Review question–re-enforcement activities.Quotations Demonstrations Colourful pictures Group tasks Points to remember Role play Library research Mini projects Surveys Case studies Exhibition INFORMATION BOXES Make effort to make user friendly text and lively by quoting connections with society at appropriate places in boxes such as:v v v v v v Tidbits: to provide snippets of interesting and useful knowledge. Fascinating facts: creating a sense of wonder giving unbelievable information but true facts of the nature. Quick Quiz: question to recall, think and apply what they have learnt as well as to re-enforce by learning of key concepts and pri nciples.Point to ponder / Brain teaser: to encourage the art of thinking by mentioning live situations involving science applications. Did you know: Interesting relevant or additional information. Remember/Caution/Attention: The text needed to be emphasised. 7 Guidelines for textbooks authors Specimens of various boxed informations Respect the Earth, it is the only one we have. Tidbit Most abundant organizms in the world are bacteria One big tree fulfils oxygen needs of 36 children per day. The dead sea is highly saturated with salts. The crystals start appearing in it even with a slight decrease in the temperature.The workers in a noisy factory may suffer from â€Å"tinnitus† caused by long exposure to loud sounds. They must wear ear plugs to avoid further hearing loss while on job. Science Tidbits Grade IV The best example of solution of carbon dioxide in water is soda water Grade IX The weight of an average apple is nearly one newton. Grade IX A light year is the distance covered by light in vacuum in one year. It equals 15 9. 46 X 10 m Grade IX The bullet train in Japan and France run over electromagnetic track instead of ordinary iron rails. Grade IX The friction in the human joints is much reduced due to the presence of a fluid – a natural lubrication.Grade IX The dead sea is highly saturated with salts. The crystals start appearing in it even with a slight decrease in the atmospheric temperature. 8 Guidelines for textbooks authors Fascinating Facts Sun showers as much energy on the earth in one hour as much as all other sources produce in one year. 1. 5 million children die every year from contaminated drinking water. One million atoms, if arranged one above the other, will have the thickness of a human hair. Matter in plasma state makes up much of the universe. The matter of Sun is also in Plasma state. Point to ponder Why touch-me-not is called so?Why do we feel cool when we sit under the fan wearing wet clothes? Why deserts nights are c ooler while the days are very hot? What would happen if photosynthesis has stopped? What would happen if there were no bacteria? Remember! Caution! Attention! The future of our children depends upon development without destruction of natural environment. Listening to loud music isharmcul,sounds above 85dB ar hazardous to hearing. Pop music isoft en 110dB or louder, so the potential of hearing damage is very real Noise can kill silently A 30dB sound is ten time more intense than 20dB sound but twice as loud.The planet Jupiter is not terrestrial body as our Earth but a gas-giant. The efficiency and productivity of the worker is badly affected by noisy environment. If a factory owner adopts noise control measure, the cost is paid back in the form of enhanced efficiency and productivity in addition to better health of the workers 9 Guidelines for textbooks authors Brain Teasers / Quick Quiz Why touch-me-not is called so? Why do we feel cool when we sit under the fan wearing wet clothes? Can we talk while standing on the moon as on earth? What would happen if photosynthesis has stopped? Which biomes act as the nature’s lungs?What would happen if Earth suddenly stops revolving around the Sun? Other Eye-catchers Remember Inexpensive foam earplugs can reduce noise level by 20dB to 25 dB. Caution: No plastic wrap Food should not be heated in the micro wave oven using plastic containers. Dioxins from the plastic are released which are highly poisonous for our body cells. Use Pyrex glass or ceramic containers only. Remember ! Radioisotopes are unstable isotope of an element emitting nuclear radiation. Did you know? These symbols are used to indicate the presence of radioactive material. 10 Guidelines for textbooks authors VARIOUS ACTIVITIESO Build process skills such as observation, measurement, data collection, analysis etc. through various types of activities or mini projects. Activities Emphasize Learning Through Visual Verbal Logical Kinaesthetic Auditory Inte rpersonal Intrapersonal Pictures, colours and graphs Words/discussions/questionings Pattern, reasons, numbers Physical activity touch Through sound Through interaction with others Through independent work reflection/imagination O Student centred and activity-oriented text enhances quest of learning, develops ability to think scientifically and critically; and develops creativity.The first step towards scientific literacy is to engage the students in asking and answering meaningful questions starting with why, how and should. â€Å"Why† questions are related to scientific inquiry â€Å"How† questions address problem solving process â€Å"Should† questions indicates decision making Hands-on activities reinforce the understanding of concepts develop process skills. They are: Structural Inquiry: Guided Inquiry: Open Inquiry: Instruction are given to perform the activity without telling the expected outcome Students develop a procedure to investigate a problem selected by the teacher.Students identify a problem to investigate and design their own investigation. Types of Activities: 11 Guidelines for textbooks authors How to write an Inquiry? O Start with an open ended question or a demonstration. Allow responses and subsequent questions from students. O Involve students to collaborate on designing experiment or process. O Ask students to conduct experiment and or gather data. O Ask to locate, select, organize and present information from a variety of sources. O Allow students to analyze and interpret data. O Identify a problem, plan and carry out investigation for its solution.O Encourage students to identify pattern, report trends and draw inferences. O Allow discussion and information communication etc. O Finally ask the students to draw conclusion. A Sample Inquiry: Grade IX (Structural Inquiry) Material Procedure 1. Come to class with an electric kettle filled with water. Let students wonder! 2. Plug in the cord and switch on the kett le to do its job. Soon steam will begin to escape from the spout. 3. Get a cold, white ceramic plate and hold it up at a safe distance from the spout. Tilt it slightly. 4. Water droplets collect on the plate and soon begin to fall down. The water cycle 5.Now ask students what was happening? Facilitate them in making analogies: Kettle, Bodies of water, Electric socket, Sun, White ceramic plate, Clouds 6. Lead the students into the terminology: O O O O evaporation water vapor condensation precipitation Electric Kettle and white Ceramic Plate 7. Help them see the CYCLE 8. Distribute Worksheet 12 Guidelines for textbooks authors WORKSHEET Part A: Complete the sentences using the words below: Groundwater living things reservoirs Lakes and oceans water cycle 1. In the water cycle, water is stored in__________________ 2. Water is an important need of all_____________________ 3.Water that soaks into the soil and rock layers is called___________ 4. Places where water is stored are called____ _______ 5. Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and storage are all parts of________ Part B: Match the statements on the left with the words on the right ______________ 6. forms clouds ______________ 7. causes runoff to flow downhill ______________ 8. a type of reservoir ______________ 9. can be trapped in spaces in rock 1 2 3 condensation water tower groundwater gravity 4 Part C: Use the words below to identify the processes in the water cycle Evaporation Precipitation Condensation Storage 10 11 12 13 3 Guidelines for textbooks authors A Sample Inquiry: Grade VI (Structural Inquiry) O Take three torches / ray boxes. O Paste green cellophene filter paper on the glass of one of the torch. O Similarly paste red and blue filters on the other two torches. O Overlap light of torch on the light of other on a sheet of white paper in a dark room. O Tabulate your results. Mixing of light Result Red + Blue Green + Blue Green + Red Red + Green + Blue O From your above observations, which light you will get by mixing blue and yellow? O Nadeem is wearing yellow jacket and blue jean and while Neena red shirt and green scarf.What color of clothes will be seen in a room of red light? And in a room with blue light? Sample Inquiries: (Guided Inquiry) O Collect material from library, magazines, newspapers on the subject â€Å"impact of human activities on environment†. Discuss the impacts with your peers and teachers. O Sort out news and articles related to the environmental issues from the newspapers of the last one week and place them on the board. O Draw food chains and food web on the basis of your observations of a pond or garden eco-system. O Categories the organism in the above activity as produces, consumers and decomposers.O Give a puzzle to solve to a class in a noisy environment using a pre-recorded loud noise of unpleasant sounds. The same be repeated in a silent environment, compare the results and draw conclusions O Design an activity to measure the thi ckness of a wire using a meter scale. (Grade VI) 14 Guidelines for textbooks authors O Design an activity to observe convection heating of a liquid. (Grade VII) O Design and study series of parallel circuits and find the most appropriate one. Give reasons for your selection. (Grade VII) Sample Inquiry: (Open Inquiry) O At the end of a chapter / topic the author may ask the students o identify related problems and to design and conduct investigation to find the cause-and-effect of the problem and to suggest solution. Remembering: Potential Activities and Products O Make a story map showing the main events of the story. O Make a time line of your typical day. O Make a concept map of the topic. O Write a list of keywords you know about†¦. O What characters were in the story? O Make a chart showing†¦ O Recite a poem you have learnt. O Write in your own words†¦ O Cut out, or draw pictures to illustrate a particular event in the story.O Report to the class†¦ O Illustra te what you think the main idea may have been. O Make a cartoon strip showing the sequence of events in the story. O Write and perform a play based on the story. O Write a brief outline to explain this story to someone else O Explain why the character solved the problem in this particular way O Write a summary report of the event. O Prepare a flow chart to illustrate the sequence of events. O Make a colouring book. O Paraphrase this chapter in the book. O Retell in your own words. O Outline the main points. 15 Guidelines for textbooks authorsApplying: Potential Activities and Products O Construct a model to demonstrate how it looks or works O Practise a play and perform it for the class O Write a diary entry O Make a scrapbook about the area of study. O Prepare invitations for a characters birthday party O Make a topographic map O Take and display a collection of photographs on a particular topic. O Make up a puzzle or a game about the topic. O Write an explanation about this topic for others. O Dress a doll in national costume. O Make a clay model†¦ O Paint a wall painting using the same materials.O Continue the story†¦ Creating: Potential Activities and Products O Invent a machine to do a specific task. O Create a new product. Give it a name and plan a marketing campaign. O Write about your feelings in relation to O Write a TV show play, puppet show, role play, song about.. O Design a new monetary system O Develop a menu for a new restaurant using a variety of healthy foods O Design a record, book or magazine cover for O Sell an idea O Devise a way to O Make up a new language and use it in an example O Write a jingle to advertise a new product.Assessment Exercises O Add ongoing assessment quizzes/questions of lower and higher order thinking throughout the chapter and at the end of chapters. These exercises should encourage students to think, develop skills and use information for a variety of situations. 16 Guidelines for textbooks authors O Mini e xercises can be given involving investigations and relating concepts with the society and environment. O End of chapter exercise may consist of variety of questions to evaluate wide range of abilities and skills starting from lower to higher order thinking.O Think tank/investigations/projects may be included for open ended questions to provoke students thinking, creativity and investigation skills. Good Questions are: O Purposeful (asked to achieve a specific purpose) O Clear (students understand what they mean) O Brief (stated in as few words as possible) O Natural (stated simply, in conversational English) O Thought-provoking (they stimulate thought and response) O Limited in scope (only one or two points in chain of reasoning called for) O Adapted to the level of the class (tailored to the kinds of students in class) Questions for Remembering LevelsO What happened after? O How many? O What is? O Who was it that? O Can you name ? O Find the definition of†¦ O Describe what hap pened after†¦ O Who spoke to? O Which is true or false? (Pohl, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p. 12) SAMPLE QUESTIONS Knowledge/Remembering: The recall of specific information Lower level Question: Extended Question: What is an ecosystem? Define an ecosystem and list the varieties that are found in Pakistan. 17 Guidelines for textbooks authors Questions for Understanding Level O Can you explain why†¦? O Can you write in your own words? O How would you explain†¦?O Can you write a brief outline? O What do you think could have happened next? O Who do you think? O What was the main idea? O Can you clarify†¦? O Can you illustrate†¦? (Pohl, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p. 12) SAMPLE QUESTIONS Knowledge/Remembering: The recall of specific information Objective: Lower level Question: Extended Question: An understanding of what was read. List the different parts of the ecosystem and explain what they do? Compare a marine ecosystem with one from anothe r of our province. Questions for Applying Level O Do you know of another instance where†¦?O Can you group by characteristics such as†¦? O Which factors would you change if†¦? O What questions would you ask of†¦? O From the information given, can you develop a set of instructions about†¦? (Pohl, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p. 13) SAMPLE QUESTIONS Objective: Lower level Question: Extended Question: Using the knowledge in another familiar situation. Using a diagram, show how the Water Cycle operates in an ecosystem? Demonstrate what happens when human interface with the Water Cycle? 18 Guidelines for textbooks authors Question for Analyzing Level O Which events could not have happened? O If. . happened, what might the ending have been? O How is similar to? O What do you see as other possible outcomes? O Why did changes occur? O Can you explain what must have happened when? O What are some or the problems of? O Can you distinguish between? O What were some of the motives behind..? O What was the turning point? O What was the problem with? (Pohl, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p. 13) SAMPLE QUESTIONS Objective : Lower level Question: Extended Question: Breaking information into explore understanding and relationships or To differentiate between the constituent parts.Contrast the nature water Cycle with that used your community. Examine an ecosystem that has been damaged by human interface. How could it have been avoided? Questions for Evaluating Level O Is there a better solution to? O Judge the value of What do you think about? O Can you defend your position about? O Do you think is a good or bad thing? O How would you have handled? O What changes to would you recommend? O Do you believe? How would you feel if. ..? O How effective are. ..? O What are the consequences..? O What influence will. ave on our lives? 19 Guidelines for textbooks authors O What are the pros and cons of.? O Why is . of value? O What are the alternat ives? O Who will gain ; who will loose? (Pohl, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p. 14) SAMPLE QUESTIONS Evaluation / Evaluating Objective: Lower level Question: Extended Question: The judgment and evaluation of actions, outcomes, etc. or Justification of a decision or course of action. Identify an unspoilt ecosystem and design a way of preserving it. How would preserving our local ecosystem stabilize our environment?Questions for Creating Level O Can you design a to? O Can you see a possible solution to? O If you had access to all resources, how would you deal with? O Why dont you devise your own way to? O What would happen if ? O How many ways can you? O Can you create new and unusual uses for? O Can you develop a proposal which would? (Pohl, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p. 14) SAMPLE QUESTIONS Synthesis / creating Objective: The organization of thoughts, ideas and information form the contents or Generate new ideas, products or ways of viewing things.Lower level Ques tion: Extended Question: Is it reasonable that people pollute our waterways? Defend your answer. Assess the impact of pollution in our local waterways. 20 Guidelines for textbooks authors Specific Levels of Questions Blooms categories of educational objectives to classify questions (Grade IX) Blooms Categories of Questions 6 Creating 5 Evaluating 4 Analysing 3 Applying 2 Understanding 1 Remembering u Sample Question How can we determine the weight of an object without a standard scale? Draw a picture of your favorite building. Do you like modern art? Explain why? Which method do you prefer: decantation or filtration? u What does this chart mean? Why is Karachi called â€Å"The business capital of Pakistan†? u Solve x2 + 14 = 18 Make a paper cup that will hold 500 mL of water . u Write in your words how the water cycle works. Differentiate between atom and molecule. u How is chemistry defined? Who was the first governor General of Pakistan? CHAPTER ENDING O Key points/summary/ concepts map at the end of chapter helps the students for quick revision. O Add glossary at the end of the chapter/book.O Add activities/mini projects/case studies O Add review questions, self quizzes, end of chapter exercise. O Add reference boxes e. g. web sites, computer simulations etc. 21 Guidelines for textbooks authors BOOK ENDING O Include appendices for additional information. O Suggest bibliography for additional references. O Make and include index for quick reference. O Add appeal for feedback and suggestions for further improvement. MANUSCRIPTS REVIEW CHECKLIST S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Item Description The manuscript is in line with the National Curriculum.Objective / standards / benchmarks/ SLOs of the National Curriculum are translated in letter and spirit. The contents page is appropriately sequenced and numbered. Vocabulary and terminology appropriate to the level/class are used and glossary of difficult words is added at the end of eac h lesson or book. Reference to textbooks, material, and other resource material is acknowledged and mentioned in the manuscript. At the end of the textbook, a small paragraph about the author is given. It doesnt have any material repugnant to Islam as well as ideology of Pakistan.No anonymous materials, poems, stories etc. is included in the textbook. Language is simple and understandable and there are no language errors or conception mistakes in the manuscript. Diagrams, illustrations and photographs are appropriate and clear with proper labeling / captions. Assessment mechanism is incorporated / in built. Each chapter/unit covers themes and topics, learning outcomes and suggested activities as per National Curriculum. The material presented is dynamic, challenging, stimulating and user friendly. The manuscript addresses the gender issue appropriately. 22